Análisis comparativo de la eficiencia de controladores de carga en sistemas fotovoltaicos autónomos para viviendas rurales de la comuna La Masa 2

Abstract

In regions without access to centralized electricity networks, standalone photovoltaic systems have become a key solution to meet basic energy needs. This article presents a comparative analysis of two types of solar charge controllers, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), applied in autonomous photovoltaic systems used in rural homes of the community La Masa 2, located in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The study arises from the urgent need to provide reliable and efficient energy in isolated areas where traditional sources such as fuel-based generators are unsustainable, polluting, and expensive. The methodology combined field visits, direct observation of energy usage habits, and simulations using real irradiance and temperature data obtained through specialized photovoltaic software. The analysis included common household loads such as low-consumption lighting, television, mobile phone charging, and small audio equipment. The daily demand was estimated to range between one point two and one point three kilowatt-hours. Simulations were conducted in MATLAB to evaluate performance indicators such as energy conversion efficiency and daily energy supply in variable solar conditions. The results show that MPPT controllers consistently provide better performance than PWM controllers, especially in periods of low solar radiation. The MPPT controller achieved higher energy yield and better battery management, ensuring longer autonomy and extended equipment lifespan. On average, MPPT-based systems delivered between zero point nine eight and one point three four kilowatt-hours per day, while PWM systems remained below one point one kilowatt-hours. These differences significantly impact the community's ability to maintain lighting, connectivity, and daily activities, highlighting the importance of efficient energy management. The study concludes that MPPT technology is more suitable for rural electrification in tropical regions, offering a sustainable and replicable model for other non-interconnected communities.