Análisis de la rentabilidad de proyectos de autoconsumo con energía solar en pequeñas y medianas empresas

Abstract

The present study investigates the profitability of self-consumption projects based on solar photovoltaic energy in small and medium-sized Ecuadorian enterprises, using a mixed methodological approach that integrates a literature review, quantitative analysis of economic indicators, and technical simulations conducted with the specialized software PVsyst. Three representative SME case studies are examined, each with photovoltaic systems of 52.2 kWp of installed capacity, located in different geographical zones with variations in solar resource availability and electricity tariffs. The results demonstrate proven economic viability, with payback periods ranging from 6.7 to 8.1 years, internal rates of return exceeding 17%, and net present values above USD 31000. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) ranges between USD 0.059 and USD 0.074 per kWh, generating savings of between 18% and 41% compared to grid electricity tariffs. The comparative analysis shows that the solar resource–electricity tariff combination is the determining factor for profitability. Likewise, significant barriers are identified, including the absence of net metering schemes, financing constraints, and a lack of government incentives. The recommendations include implementing financing programs with preferential interest rates (4–6%), developing a favorable regulatory framework, establishing graduated tax incentives, and creating specialized training programs for SMEs.