El uso de agroquímicos y la sostenibilidad en los sistemas de producción: una revisión crítica

Abstract

The use of agrochemicals constitutes a central component of modern agriculture, although their intensive application poses challenges for sustainability. This narrative review analyzes recent scientific literature and institutional reports to examine the impacts of agrochemical use, its regulation, and the alternatives that promote more sustainable production systems. Evidence shows that synthetic pesticides and fertilizers generate interconnected effects on human health and ecosystems, with documented cases of neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and chronic exposure, as well as alterations in aquatic fungi, pollinators, and soil microorganisms hence compromising biodiversity and ecosystem services. The analysis of regulatory frameworks reveals progress toward precautionary approaches, although limitations persist in the assessment of mixtures, unregulated formulants, and the lack of international harmonization in maximum residue limits, reflecting tensions between trade policies and public health. Likewise, technological and agroecological alternatives are emerging, such as bioinputs, controlled release fertilizers, and precision agriculture, which optimize input use and strengthen the resilience of agroecosystems. Overall, agricultural sustainability requires integrative approaches that combine technological innovation, evidence-based regulation, and policies adapted to local contexts, balancing productivity, health, and environmental conservation.