Bienestar psicológico percibido en adultos mayores institucionalizados. Un análisis desde la trayectoria vital

Abstract

This qualitative research aimed to explore the perception institutionalized older adults have regarding indicators of psychological well-being, considering significant aspects of their life trajectories. A phenomenological approach supported by grounded theory was employed to deeply understand the subjective experiences and meanings constructed by the participants throughout their lives. The sample consisted of older adults residing in a long-term care institution, selected through purposive sampling, with specific inclusion criteria such as age, length of institutionalization, and functional cognitive status. Findings revealed that perceived psychological well-being is strongly influenced by meaningful past experiences, previous and current affective relationships, and the ability to adapt to institutional life. Dimensions such as autonomy, positive relations, purpose in life, selfacceptance, personal growth, and environmental mastery—based on Carol Ryff's model of psychological well-being—emerged with unique nuances in each narrative. The process of selection, optimization, and compensation (Baltes’ SOC model) was evident in how participants sought to maintain emotional stability and a sense of identity despite age-related and contextual limitations. Protective factors identified included spirituality, affective bonds within the institution, and the re-signification of loss. However, obstacles to well-being were also present, such as family abandonment, lack of meaningful activities, feelings of uselessness, and diminished autonomy. This study contributes to a deeper and more humanized understanding of psychological wellbeing in institutionalized old age, highlighting the need to strengthen psychosocial interventions that acknowledge life history, promote active participation, provide emotional support, and enhance relational environments. It is recommended to develop public policies sensitive to dignified aging and personalized programs that promote quality of life in gerontological institutions.